Effect of driver,roadway, collision,and vehicle characteristics on crash severity: a conditional logistic regression approach

The aim of the study is to examine the factors that appear to have a higher potential for serious injury or death of drivers in traffic accidents in Turkey, such as collision type, roadway surface, vehicle speed, alcohol/drug use, and restraint use. Driver crash severity is the dependent variable of this study with two categories, fatal and non-fatal. Due to the binary nature of the dependent variable, a conditional logistic regression analysis was found suitable. Of the 16 independent variables obtained from Turkish police accident reports, 11 variables were found most significantly associated with driver crash severity. They are age, education level, restraint use, roadway condition, roadway type, time of day, collision location, collision type, number and direction of vehicles, vehicle speed, and alcohol/drug use. This study found that belted drivers aged 18–25 years involving two vehicles travelling in the same direction, in an urban area, during the daytime, and on an avenue or a street have better chances of survival in traffic accidents.     

疲劳驾驶研究进展综述

疲劳驾驶是世界性研究难题,目前已发展为国内交通安全研究热点之一,基于对疲劳驾驶相关专利、文献检索分析,得到国内外疲劳驾驶研究现状、研究热点与发展领域;然后对疲劳驾驶识别、疲劳驾驶预警,以及疲劳驾驶消除与控制三大核心技术的发展现状进行综述,指出疲劳驾驶发展方向。     

Shutting up shop: understanding the international exit process in retailing

Internationalisation is a much-studied phenomenon. Exit from international markets has been less analysed. Where it has been studied, most work has been on motives and causes, with relatively little on processes. This article explores the process of international exit in a retail context. It examines the run-up to, announcement of and fall-out from the decision by Marks and Spencer (one of Britain's leading retailers) to close its French stores. The article concludes that understanding the process of market exit is at least as important both for theoretical and practical reasons as understanding the decision to exit or divest. Further research needs to be undertaken on market exit and the processes involved, in order to contribute further to the theory and practice of internationalisation.     

Vehicle head restraint positioning knowledge and behaviours in a sample of Irish drivers

A correctly positioned vehicle head restraint (HR) can reduce whiplash injury risk in collisions, however, HRs are often sub-optimally positioned. The primary aim of this study was to investigate vehicle HR position and driver knowledge of correct HR positioning in an Irish population. Secondary aims were to investigate the associations with driver age, gender and vehicle age. Data collection involved HR measurement and a driver questionnaire (n = 110). Just 27% of drivers had optimal HR positioning, while 30% had poor or marginal positioning. Newer vehicles (<5 years old) had better positioned HR in the horizontal plane (p = 0.036), than older vehicles. Younger drivers (<30 years) were more likely to have poorer positioning of HR (p = 0.002), than the 30 years or over group. Females were more likely to have better vertical positioning of their HR (p = 0.003) than males. Driver knowledge of correct position was variable, and not associated with actual HR position, with 65% knowing the correct vertical positioning standard but only 27% identifying the correct horizontal position. Many drivers have inadequately positioned HR, which needs to be addressed by improved vehicle design and public education.     

浅析股权激励方案设计

股权激励作为一种对管理层激励的有效方式，在公司激励机制中发挥着重要的作用。但任何一个工具和方法都是一把双刃剑，股权激励会稀释产权，用得不好也会适得其反。因此，在设计股权激励方案中，要坚持“两个结合”和明确方案的目的；选择适合企业的股权激励设计方案时，应考虑企业的发展周期，同时注重股票的来源与定价问题、激励对象等关键点。     

Fatal and serious road crashes involving young New Zealand drivers: a latent class clustering approach

The over-representation of young drivers in road crashes remains an important concern worldwide. Cluster analysis has been applied to young driver sub-groups, but its application by analysing crash occurrence is just emerging. We present a classification analysis that advances the field through a holistic overview of crash patterns useful for designing youth-targeted road safety programmes. We compiled a database of 8644 New Zealand crashes from 2002 to 2011 involving at least one 15–24-year-old driver and a fatal or serious injury for at least one road user. We considered crash location, infrastructure characteristics, environmental conditions, demographic characteristics, driving behaviour, and pre-crash manoeuvres. The analysis yielded 15 and 8 latent classes of, respectively, single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes, and average posterior probabilities measured the odds of correct classification that revealed how the identified clusters contain mostly crashes of a particular class and all the crashes of that class. The results raised three major safety concerns for young drivers that should be addressed: (1) reckless driving and traffic law violations; (2) inattention, error, and hazard perception problems; and (3) interaction with road geometry and lighting conditions, especially on high-speed open roads and state highways.     

战略成本管理

战略成本管理从概念的提出之日起就一直存在不同的理解和解释,什么是战略成本管理?怎样反映和提高企业的竞争地位?如何进行战略成本管理?不同的概念、模式与方法都成为难题,SHANK模式或许能给出最终的答案。     

Private Car Ownersip Jumps 16% in 6 Months

More than 13 million cars in China were privately owned by the end ＆June up 16% over the end of last year, according to the Ministry of Public Security.     

对我国发展森林水文服务市场的相关问题探讨

以国际森林水文服务市场的发展动力、交易机制、市场参与者、交易范围等方面研究为基础,深入探讨了我国森林水文服务市场发展的2个问题:⑴从购买方、法律与政策、供应方的角度出发,探讨市场发展动力不足及如何进一步推动市场发展问题;⑵通过对流域下游公众森林水文服务意识、公众对森林水文有偿服务的态度及支付意愿的调查,对现阶段创建全流域森林水文服务市场的可能性进行探讨。     

对我国发展森林碳补偿贸易市场的相关问题探讨

本文通过对国际森林碳补偿贸易市场的体系结构、市场驱动力、市场参与者、市场交易的产品、竞争性、支付机制、市场成熟度及交易的范围等方面进行深入研究,就我国发展森林碳补偿贸易过程中如何增加市场驱动力、如何选择市场、如何保障市场供应方权益与产品的可持续提供等问题进行了探讨。